Approved for Scoping: 2022   Lead BF Member: NSF   Estimated launch timeframe: TBD   Brief Summary:   The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were unanimously adopted by all member states of the United Nations in September 2015 (UN GA 2015). These goals encompass a broad range of economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development and set specific targets for implementation of these ambitious goals.   If the timeframe set by the UN to achieve these ambitious goals by 2030 is to be realized, there will need to be unrivaled international collaboration over the next fifteen years within the political, scientific, and civil societal realms. Furthermore, if humanity is to meet these goals, then clear targets and pathways to achieve these goals within a sustainable Earth system must be identified.   The targets and pathways must account for critical drivers of human capacity, demographic changes, opportunities for technological innovation and diffusion, sound institutions and transformative governance capabilities, sustainable diets, and other critical socio-economic developments.   Although substantial progress has been made on how to achieve specific goals, we currently lack a truly integrated, comprehensive qualitative and quantitative understanding of sustainable development pathways that account for the inter-linkages between the economy, technology, institutions, environment, climate, and human development and that are anchored within the constraints of a sustainable Earth system.   To help provide a science base for achieving the SDGs, we need research that focuses on integrated qualitative and quantitative approaches to develop Earth system-based targets and transformation pathways for sustainable development.   International, transdisciplinary research that brings together natural and social scientists, modelers, governance experts, and stakeholders from around the world is necessary to create sustainable development pathways to achieve the SDGs through integrated systems approaches. Effective and sustainable development pathways must address multiple SDGs while being cognizant of the synergies and trade-offs between potential pathways and different SDGs.